Types of Misconduct

Research and publication misconduct may include, but is not limited to:

• Data fabrication.
• Data falsification.
• Plagiarism.
• Authorship manipulation.
• Inappropriate duplicate publication.
• Other violations of academic integrity.

Reporting Suspected Misconduct

Anyone who becomes aware of suspected misconduct may report the concern to the editorial team through the journal's official communication channels. Reports should include sufficient information and supporting evidence to facilitate an appropriate assessment.

Assessment and Fairness

The editorial team will evaluate allegations objectively and proportionately, maintain necessary confidentiality, and provide relevant parties with an opportunity to respond when appropriate.

Editorial Actions

Depending on the findings, the editorial team may take appropriate action, including:

• Requesting clarification or additional information.
• Requiring revisions to a manuscript.
• Rejecting a manuscript.
• Issuing a correction to a published article.
• Retracting a published article.