Corrections

A correction may be issued when an error is identified in a published article and requires clarification or amendment but does not invalidate the article's principal findings. The purpose of a correction is to clarify or amend the published record while preserving the validity of the article's main conclusions.

Retractions

Retraction may be considered when substantial errors, unreliable findings, plagiarism, publication ethics violations, or other serious issues undermine the validity or integrity of an article.

Editorial Assessment

The editorial team will examine each case based on the available evidence. Before making a decision, the team may request clarification from the authors or relevant institutions, as appropriate to the circumstances.

Publication of Notices

When a correction or retraction is necessary, the journal will publish an appropriate notice and link it to the original article whenever possible. The notice will adequately explain the reasons for the action.